Low Back Pain

Dr. Weyrich's Naturopathic Functional Medicine Notebook

Diagnosis

Active Movements

• Back flexion & extension
• Back lateral flexion
• Trendelenburgs's test [Evans2001]
• Quick test [Evans2001]

Resisted Movement

• Back flexion & extension
• Back lateral flexion
• Rotation

Reflexes

• Patellar
• Achilles

Sensory Testing

Muscle Testing

• Hip flexion (L2)
• Knee extension (L3)
• Ankle dorsiflexion (L4)
• Toe extension (L5)
• Ankle eversion/plantar flexion (S1)
• Hip extension (S1)
• Knee flexion (S1,S2)

Peripheral Joint Examination

• Hip flexion & extension
• Hip abduction & adduction
• Hip internal & external rotation
• Sacroiliac joints
• Knee flexion & extension
• Ankle dorsiflexion & plantarflexion
• Foot supination & pronation
• Toe flexion & extension

Differential Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis of low back pain includes the following:

• Sciatica [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Bechterew's sitting test [Evans2001]
  • Bragard's sign [Evans2001]
  • Deyerle's sign [Evans2001]
  • Fajersztajn's test [Evans2001]
  • Heel/toe walk test [Evans2001]
  • Lasegue sitting test [Evans2001]
  • Lasegue test [Evans2001]
  • Lewin snuff test [Evans2001]
  • Lewin standing test [Evans2001]
  • Lewin supine test [Evans2001]
  • Sicard's sign [Evans2001]
  • Turyn's sign [Evans2001]
  • Vanzetti's sign [Evans2001]
• Sacroiliac lesion [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Lasegue test [Evans2001]
  • Lewin supine test [Evans2001]
  • Linder's sign [Evans2001]
  • Mennell's sign [Evans2001]
  • Minor's sign [Evans2001]
  • Nachlas test [Evans2001]
  • Neri's sign [Evans2001]
• Fracture [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Minor's sign [Evans2001]
  • Spinal percussion test [Evans2001]
• Intervertebral disc syndrome [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Antalgia sign [Evans2001]
  • Bechterew's sitting test [Evans2001]
  • Bilateral leg-lowering test [Evans2001]
  • Bragard's sign [Evans2001]
  • Cox sign [Evans2001]
  • Double leg-raise test [Evans2001]
  • Fajersztajn's test [Evans2001]
  • Heel/toe walk test [Evans2001]
  • Kemp's test [Evans2001]
  • Lasegue rebound test [Evans2001]
  • Lasegue test [Evans2001]
  • Lewin punch test [Evans2001]
  • Lewin snuff test [Evans2001]
  • Lewin supine test [Evans2001]
  • Matchstick test [Evans2001]
  • Milgram's test [Evans2001]
  • Minor's sign [Evans2001]
  • Neri's sign [Evans2001]
  • Skin pinch test [Evans2001]
  • Spinal percussion test [Evans2001]
  • Straight-leg raise test [Evans2001]
• Intervertebral foramen encroachment [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Bechterew's sitting test [Evans2001]
  • Bilateral leg-lowering test [Evans2001]
  • Lasegue test [Evans2001]
• L2-L3-L4 [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Femoral nerve traction test [Evans2001]
  • Hyperextension test [Evans2001]
  • Prone knee-bending test [Evans2001]
• Lower extremity joints [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Quick test [Evans2001]
• Mechanical lower back [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Bilateral leg-lowering test [Evans2001]
  • Demianoff's sign [Evans2001]
  • Double leg-raise test [Evans2001]
  • Kemp's test [Evans2001]
  • Lasegue test [Evans2001]
  • Nachlas test [Evans2001]
  • Neri's sign [Evans2001]
  • Schober's test [Evans2001]
  • Sign of the buttock [Evans2001]
  • Skin pinch test [Evans2001]
  • Spinal percussion test [Evans2001]
• Menigitis [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Kernig/Brudzinski sign [Evans2001]
• Myofascitis [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Lewin supine test [Evans2001]
  • Skin pinch test [Evans2001]
• Spinal neuropathy [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Bowstring sign [Evans2001]
  • Bragard's sign [Evans2001]
  • Ely's sign [Evans2001]
  • Femoral nerve traction test [Evans2001]
  • Heel/toe walk test [Evans2001]
  • Kemp's test [Evans2001]
  • Lasegue differential sign [Evans2001]
  • Lasegue sitting test [Evans2001]
  • Sicard's sign [Evans2001]
• Sprain [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Double leg-raise test [Evans2001]
  • Spinal percussion test [Evans2001]
• Subluxation [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Bechterew's sitting test [Evans2001]
  • Nachlas test [Evans2001]
• Hip lesion [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Ely's sign [Evans2001]
  • Sign of the buttock [Evans2001]
• Hamstring spasm [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Lewin standing test [Evans2001]
• Femoral nerve [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Ely's sign [Evans2001]
  • Femoral nerve traction test [Evans2001]
  • Hyperextension test [Evans2001]
  • Prone knee-bending test [Evans2001]
• Cord tumor [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Bragard's sign [Evans2001]
  • Lasegue test [Evans2001]
  • Milgram's test [Evans2001]
  • Straight-leg raise test [Evans2001]
• Denervation [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Matchstick test [Evans2001]
  • Skin pinch test [Evans2001]
• Dural adhesions [Evans2001, pg 472]
  • Bechterew's sitting test [Evans2001]
  • Fajersztajn's test [Evans2001]
  • Lasegue test [Evans2001]
  • Straight-leg raise test [Evans2001]

ICD-9 Codes

ICD9-Code	Description	Comments

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References

Unless specifically noted above, references used in the construction of this web page include the following:

[FDM] Lecture notes from Functional Medicine University.

[SCNM] Lecture notes from Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine.

[UT] Lecture notes from the University of Tennessee graduate programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry.

[Evans2001] Ronald C. Evans. Illustrated Orthopedic Assessment. St. Louis: Mosby (2001).

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